Archeological Overview and Assessment of the St. Croix Island International Historic Site, Calais, Maine
Type
Publication
Authors
Category
SCIWC Library
[ Browse Items ]
Publication Year
1996
Pages
70
Subject
St. Croix Island Archeological History
Tags
Abstract
"Previous archeological and relevant documentary research at the Saint Croix Island International Historic Site is reviewed and evaluated. In 1604-1605 the island was the site of a French Colonial settlement. The settlers, including Samuel de Champlain who wrote a narrative of the experience, spent a harrowing winter during which nearly half their number died of exposure and scurvy. Despite their tribulations, the Saint Croix settlement was the precursor to the more successful colony at Port Royal. In 1797, the 1604-1605 settlement was the focus of one of the first historical archeological investigations in North American. Robert Pagan and Thomas Wright identified the remains of the settlement in order to resolve a boundary dispute between the United States and Britain. During the nineteenth century, the island was used as a small farmstead and fishing station and later became the site of a lighthouse. The property was acquired by the National Park Service during the latter half of the twentieth century. Since 1949, archeological investigations have uncovered portions of the French Settlement, and its cemetery, and have recovered Native American components dating back as much as 3,000 years. The island's nineteenth-century components have also been investigated, although in much less depth. Much of the excavated structural elements and the human burials from the French occupation have been left in situ. The excavations have identified some elements of the settlement, although not all buildings can be identified with certainty. They have also documented considerable attrition and destruction through quarrying, landscaping, looting, and natural erosion.
Two mainland tracts contain archeological materials associated with nineteenth-century residences, industries, and commerce in Red Beach, Maine. It is also possible, although unlikely, that they contain some remains associated with seventeenth-century French activities.
Portions of the island have not been tested. Despite the many disturbances, these should be considered to retain archeological potential for Native American, seventeenth-century French, or nineteenth-century American remains including structures, features, artifacts, and human burials. The collections and associated documentation form the excavations, as well as the archival and historical materials associated with the site, also constitute an archeological resource with value for research an/or interpretation. Archeological testing is recommended for any portions of the island and mainland tracts in advance of any proposed ground disturbance.
Two mainland tracts contain archeological materials associated with nineteenth-century residences, industries, and commerce in Red Beach, Maine. It is also possible, although unlikely, that they contain some remains associated with seventeenth-century French activities.
Portions of the island have not been tested. Despite the many disturbances, these should be considered to retain archeological potential for Native American, seventeenth-century French, or nineteenth-century American remains including structures, features, artifacts, and human burials. The collections and associated documentation form the excavations, as well as the archival and historical materials associated with the site, also constitute an archeological resource with value for research an/or interpretation. Archeological testing is recommended for any portions of the island and mainland tracts in advance of any proposed ground disturbance.
Description
A thoroughly researched overview of the history of archaeological exploration on St. Croix Island.
Biblio Notes
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Goddard, I., Eastern Algonquian Languages. In 'Northeast', edited by B.G. Trigger, pp. 70-77. Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 15, W.C. Sturtevant, general editor. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 1978.
Grove, J.M. 'The Little Ice Age'. Methuen, London. 1988.
Gruber, J.W. 'The French Settlement on St. Croix Island, Maine: Excavations for the National Park Service, 1968-1969'. On file at Division of Cultural Resources, North Atlantic Regional Office, National Park Service, Boston. 1970.
Hadlock, W.S. 'Narrative Report on Preliminary Exploration at St. Croix Island'. On file at Acadia National Park, Bar Harbor, Maine. 1950.
Hadlock, W.S., Recent Excavations at De Monts' Colony, St. Croix Island, Maine. 'Old-Time New England' 44(4):93-99. 1954.
Harrington, J.C. 'Preliminary Archaeological Explorations on St. Croix Island, Maine'. On file at Acadia National Park, Bar Harbor, Maine. 1951.
Harrington, J.C. 'Observations on St. Croix Island and Acadia'. On file at Acadia National Park, Bar Harbor, Maine. 1957.
Hinds, H., The Coastal Forest of the Passamaquoddy Bay Area. In 'Marine and Coastal Systems of the Quoddy Region, New Brunswick', edited by M.L.H. Thomas, pp.269-276. Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Ottawa. 1983.
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Issacson, D.A. (editor) 'Maine, A Guide "Down East." 2d edition. Courier-Gazette, Rockland, Maine. 1970.
Johnson, R.W. and M. Wilson 'St. Croix Island National Monument: Cultural Resources Survey of Mainland Tracts, August 23-31, 1976'. On file at Division of Cultural Resources, North Atlantic Regional Office, National Park Service, Boston. 1976.
Kidd, K.E., and M.A. Kidd, A Classification System for Glass Beads for the Use of Field Archaeologists. 'Canadian Historic Sites: Occasional Papers in Archaeology and History 1:45-89. 1970.
Kilby, W.H. 'Eastport and Passamaquoddy: A Collection of Historical and Biographical Sketches'. Edward E. Snead, Eastport, Maine. 1888.
Kingsbury, I. and W.S. Hadlock, An Early Occupation Site, Eastport, Maine. 'Bulletin of the Massachusetts Archaeological Society 12(2):22-26. 1951.
Knowlton, I.C. 'Annals of Calais, Maine and St. Stephen, New Brunswick'. J.A. Sears, Calais. 1875.
Kopec, D., The Eddie Brown Collection of the West Grand Lake Area, Maine. 'The Maine Archaeological Society Bulletin' 25(2):3-37.1985.
Lescarbot, M. 'Nova Francia: A Description Of Acadia, 1606'. Translated by P. Erondelle. Harper and Brothers, New York. Originally Published 1609. 1928.
Loendorf, L.L. 'Mainland Area-St. Croix Island N.M. Cultural Resource Inventory'. On file at Division of Cultural Resources, North Atlantic Regional Office, National Park Service, Boston. 1976.
MacDonald, G.F. 'Debert: A Palaeo-Indian Site in Central Nova Scotia'. Anthropology Papers no. 7, National Museum of Canada, Ottawa. 1968.
Mahlstedt, T.F. 'Memorandum of August 16, 1979 to Chief, Division of Cultural Resources, North Atlantic Regional Office, National Park Service: Inspection of Artifacts by Richard Lueger and Assessment of the St. Croix Island Archaeological Assemblages'. On file at Division of Cultural Resources, North Atlantic Regional Office, National Park Service, Boston. 1979.
McManamon, F.P. and M. Soukup, 'Trip Report on Erosion on South Side of St. Croix Island, August 31, 1979'. Memorandum on file at Division of Cultural Resources, National Park Service, North Atlantic Regional Office, Boston, Massachusetts. 1978.
Michelson, T., The Passamaquoddy Indians of Maine. 'Explorations and Field Work of the Smithsonian Institution in 1934'. 85-88. Washington. 1935.
Morison, S.E. 'The European Discovery of America: The Northern Voyages, A.D. 500-1600'. Oxford University, Press, N.Y. 1971.
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